How to fix InnoDB corruption cases for the MySQL databases on Plesk for Linux?

Symptoms

• The following error is shown in Plesk:

  PLESK_INFO: ERROR: PleskMainDBException
  MySQL query failed: Incorrect information in file: ‘./psa/misc.frm’

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  PLESK_INFO: ERROR: PleskDBException: Unable to connect to database: mysql_connect(): No such file or directory /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock (Error code: 2002). Please check that database server is started and accessible. (Abstract.php:69)

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  PLESK_INFO: ERROR: Zend_Db_Adapter_Exception: SQLSTATE[HY000] [2002] No such file or directory

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  PLESK_INFO: ERROR: Zend_Db_Adapter_Exception: SQLSTATE[HY000] [2002] Connection refused:
  0: /usr/local/psa/admin/externals/Zend/Db/Adapter/Pdo/Abstract.php:144

• Domain overview page on Domains > example.com is not accessible:

  500 Server Error
  Type SB_Facade_Exception_Generic
  Message
  File generic.php
  Line 33

• Opening WordPress Toolkit results in the following error:

  PLESK_INFO: Server Error 500 Zend_Db_Adapter_Exception
  Type Zend_Db_Adapter_Exception
  Message SQLSTATE[HY000] [2002]
  No such file or directory
  File Abstract.php Line 144

• Plesk upgrade fails with the following error:

  PLESK_INFO: DATABASE ERROR!!!
  Database psa database found, but version undefined

• A table cannot be properly queried with the SELECT statement:

  MYSQL_LIN: select * from db_example.misc;
  ERROR 1033 (HY000): Incorrect information in file: ‘./db_example/misc.frm’

• The following information can be found in the MySQL log file /var/log/mysql/error.log, /var/log/mysqld.log, or /var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log:

  150704 19:09:27 InnoDB: Waiting for the background threads to start
  150704 19:09:28 InnoDB: Error: tablespace size stored in header is 3712 pages, but
  150704 19:09:28 InnoDB: the sum of data file sizes is only 3072 pages
  150704 19:09:28 InnoDB: Cannot start InnoDB. The tail of the system tablespace is
  150704 19:09:28 InnoDB: missing. Have you edited innodb_data_file_path in my.cnf in an
  150704 19:09:28 InnoDB: inappropriate way, removing ibdata files from there?
  150704 19:09:28 InnoDB: You can set innodb_force_recovery=1 in my.cnf to force
  150704 19:09:28 InnoDB: a startup if you are trying to recover a badly corrupt database.

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  InnoDB: Assertion failure in thread 3876 in file ha_innodb.cc line 17352
  InnoDB: We intentionally generate a memory trap.
  InnoDB: Submit a detailed bug report to http://bugs.mysql.com.
  InnoDB: If you get repeated assertion failures or crashes, even
  InnoDB: immediately after the mysqld startup, there may be
  InnoDB: corruption in the InnoDB tablespace. Please refer to
  InnoDB: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/forcing-innodb-recovery.html
  InnoDB: about forcing recovery.

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  InnoDB: Assertion failure in thread 140154354255616 in file trx0purge.c line 848
  InnoDB: Failing assertion: purge_sys->purge_trx_no <= purge_sys->rseg->last_trx_no
  InnoDB: We intentionally generate a memory trap.

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  InnoDB: Your database may be corrupt or you may have copied the InnoDB tablespace but not the InnoDB log files. Please refer to http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/forcing-innodb-recovery.html for information about forcing recovery

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  [ERROR] InnoDB: Attempted to open a previously opened tablespace. Previous tablespace database/table uses space ID: 882 at filepath

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  [Note] InnoDB: Starting crash recovery.
  [ERROR] InnoDB: Tablespace 11904 was not found at ./example_db/example1.ibd…